Sensitivity analysis of the strain criterion for multidimensional scaling

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a collection of data analytic techniques for constructing configurations of points from dissimilarity information about interpoint distances. Classsical MDS assumes a fixed matrix of dissimilarities. However, in some applications, e.g., the problem of inferring 3-dimensional molecular structure from bounds on interatomic distances, the dissimilarities are free to vary, resulting in optimization problems with a spectral objective function. A perturbation analysis is used to compute firstand second-order directional derivatives of this function. The gradient and Hessian are then inferred as representers of the derivatives. This coordinate-free approach reveals the matrix structure of the objective and facilitates writing customized optimization software. Also analyzed is the spectrum of the Hessian of the objective. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.